Predicting Executive Functioning in Elementary School Girls Based on Mothers’ Psychological Characteristics (Rumination, Personality Traits, and Forgiveness) in the City of Falavarjan
Keywords:
forgiveness, personality charecters, rumination, excutive functionAbstract
Objective: The present study aimed to predict executive functioning in elementary school girls based on their mothers’ psychological characteristics, including forgiveness, personality traits, and rumination.
Methods and Materials: The statistical population consisted of all elementary school girls in the city of Falavarjan and their mothers. The sample included 165 randomly selected elementary school girls, and all relevant questionnaires were completed by their mothers. The research instruments included the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF; Gioia, 2000), the Forgiveness Scale (Thompson, 2005), the NEO Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1992), and the Rumination Questionnaire (Yousefi, 2007).
Findings: The data were analyzed at both the descriptive level (mean and standard deviation) and inferential level (Pearson correlation and multiple regression using stepwise and enter methods). All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software. The findings indicated that, among the predictor variables, all except maternal extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness had significant relationships with executive functioning. Additionally, maternal rumination significantly predicted the executive functioning of elementary school girls.
Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be concluded that changes in maternal forgiveness, neuroticism, and rumination are associated with changes in the executive functioning of elementary school girls.
Downloads
References
Abdollahipour, F., Alizadeh Zarei, M., Akbar Fahimi, M., & Karamali Esmaeili, S. (2016). Study of Face and Content Validity of the Persian Version of Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Preschool Version. Rehabilitation, 17(1), 12-19. https://doi.org/10.20286/jrehab-170110 Akbari Zardkhaneh, S., & Mahmoodi, M. (2015). The Efficacy of Adolescent Development Training Program to Parent on Parent-Child Relationship and Family Function. JCMH, 2(2), 47-57. http://childmentalhealth.ir/article-1-44-fa.html Akpan, E. T., Umoh, J. B., & James, G. D. (2024). Principal Component Analysis of Cognitive Executive Functions: A Predictive Model of Academic Performance of Students in Mathematics in Secondary Schools. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 50(6), 222-231. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2024/v50i61408 Babaei, F., Abdollahi, M., Amini Gilvani, M., & Masoomifard, M. (2024). The Mediating Role of Theory of Mind in the Relationship Between Executive Functions and Marital Burnout Using Structural Equation Modeling and Artificial Neural Networks (SEM-ANN). International Journal of Education and Cognitive Sciences, 5(4), 62-73. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.ijecs.5.4.7 Baniasadi, T. (2024). Comparison of Executive Function and Working Memory among Children with High and Low Levels of Physical Activity. International Journal of Education and Cognitive Sciences, 5(3), 9-15. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.ijeas.5.3.2 Bulut, S., Bukhori, B., & Parsakia, K. (2024). Enhancing Selective Attention in Children with Learning Disorders: Efficacy of Executive Functions Training. KMAN Counseling & Psychology Nexus, 1(2), 86-93. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.psychnexus.1.2.14 Daneshmand Khorasgani, M., & Yousefi, Z. (2018). The Effectiveness of Group Training of the Reforming Parenting Styles Based on Mothers' Maladjustment Schemas on Improving Behavioral Problems among Preschool Children in Isfahan City. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology, 18(4), 62-71. http://jsr-p.khuisf.ac.ir/article_539409.html Durlak, J. A., & Wells, A. M. (1997). Primary prevention mental health programs for children and adolescents: A meta‐ analytic review. American Journal of Community Psychology, 25(2), 115-152. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024654026646 Erostarbe-Pérez, M., Reparaz-Abaitua, C., Martínez-Pérez, L., & Magallón-Recalde, S. (2022). Executive functions and their relationship with intellectual capacity and age in schoolchildren with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 66(1-2), 50-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12885 Forster, M., Grigsby, T. J., Bunyan, A., Unger, J. B., & Valente, T. W. (2015). The protective role of school friendship ties for substance use and aggressive behaviors among middle school students. Journal of School Health, 85(2), 82-89. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12230 Ghamarigivi, H. (2010). Comparison of executive functions among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, learning disability, and normal children. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health, 11(44), 33-32. http://jfmh.mums.ac.ir/?_action=article&au=4274&_au=gha marigivi,%20hosein Jafari, F., Yousefi, Z., & Manshaee, G. R. (2014). Mothers' characters and adolescence depression. Open Journal of Depression, 3(2), 45. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojd.2014.32010 Kafi, A. H., Yousefi, Z., Obaid, R. H., & Sajjadian, I. (2024). Predicting School Anxiety Based on Procrastination, Attachment to Parents, and Students' Personality Traits. Journal of Assessment and Research in Applied Counseling (JARAC), 6(1), 56-63. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.jarac.6.1.6 Koychev, O. (2015). Self-assessment and understanding of one's own aggressive behavior among ninth- and eleventh-grade students in Bulgarian mainstream schools. Editors: Rumen Stamatov, Ognyan Koychev. https://uniplovdiv.bg/uploads/site/pedagogy/Elektronna%20biblioteka %20- %20sbornici/Socialna%20kompetentnost/Social_Competenc es_ALL_REV.pdf#page=78 Mahmood Alilou, M., Hashemi Nosratabad, T., & Fallahi, A. (2015). Comparing executive functions, inhibition response, and sustained attention in children with learning disabilities in mathematics and normal children. J Clinical Psychology Andishe va Raftar, 9(35), 27-36. https://www.magiran.com/paper/1431995/comparingexecutive-functions-inhibition-response-and-sustainedattention-in-children-with-learning-disabilities-inmathematics-and-normal-children?lang=en Mirzae, G., Mehrabi, H., Ghahvehchi-Hosseini, F., & Fathi-Ashtiani, A. (2015). Psychometric Properties of the Personality Characteristics Questionnaire among Militaries. Journal of Military Medicine, 17(1), 17-23. http://militarymedj.ir/browse.php?a_id=1335&slc_lang=en &sid=1&printcase=1&hbnr=1&hmb=1 Papageorgiou, C., & Wells, A. (2004). Depressive rumination: Nature, Theory, and Treatment. In 3 (pp. 20). http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/Z5284F.pdf Parsakia, K., Darbani, S. A., Rostami, M., & Saadati, N. (2022). The Effectiveness of Strength-Based Education on the Academic Performance of Students. Adolescent and Youth Psychological Studies, 3(3), 194-201. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.jayps.3.3.16 Pearson, R. M., Carnegie, R. E., Cree, C., Rollings, C., Rena-Jones, L., Evans, J., Stein, A., Tilling, K., & Lewcock, M. (2018). Prevalence of prenatal depression symptoms among two generations of pregnant mothers: The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. JAMA Network Open, 1(3), e180725. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.0725 Rahmani, M., Namvar, H., & Hashemi Razini, H. (2024). The Effectiveness of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy on Executive Functions and Academic Procrastination of Children with Sluggish Cognitive Tempo. Journal of Psychological Dynamics in Mood Disorders (PDMD), 2(4), 82- 90. https://doi.org/10.22034/pdmd.2024.434756.1038 Rivera, P. A., Elliott, T. R., Berry, J. W., Shewchuk, R. M., Oswald, K. D., & Grant, J. (2006). Family caregivers of women with physical disabilities. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 13(4), 425-434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880- 006-9043-6 Sadeghi, M., Ghaderijavid, S., & Shalani, B. (2019). Prediction of Marital Commitment based on Personality Traits, Attachment Styles, and Religious Orientation in Married Students. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va Salāmat (i.e., Research on Religion & Health), 5(3), 18-31. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v5i3.20209 Salimi Souderjani, M., & Yousefi, Z. (2017). The Effectiveness of Parenting Styles Training Based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for Mothers on Decreasing Separation Anxiety and Oppositional Defiant Disorder in Children. JCMH, 4(2), 104-115. http://childmentalhealth.ir/article-1-180-fa.html Sarshar, M., Emadian, S. O., & Hassanzadeh, R. (2024). Effectiveness of Cognitive-Emotional-Social Training of Working Memory on Attention Bias, Executive Functions, and Academic Performance of Students with ADHD. Executive Functions, and Academic Performance of Students with ADHD. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4935159 10.61838/kman.jarac.6.4.1 Spruijt, A. M., Dekker, M. C., Ziermans, T. B., & Swaab, H. (2018). Attentional control and executive functioning in school-aged children: Linking self-regulation and parenting strategies. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 166, 340-359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2017.09.004 Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N., Billings, L. S., Heinze, L., Neufeld, J. E., Shorey, H. S., Roberts, J. C., & Roberts, D. E. (2005). Dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations. Journal of personality, 73(2), 313-360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00311.x Todorović, D., & Mitrović, M. (2017). Various modalities of aggressive behavior and emotional competence among students of other faculties - a pilot study. Facta Universitatis, Series: Physical Education and Sport, 15(2), 389-398. http://casopisi.junis.ni.ac.rs/index.php/FUPhysEdSport/artic le/view/1285 Villodas, M. T., Bagner, D. M., & Thompson, R. (2018). A step beyond maternal depression and child behavior problems: The role of mother-child aggression. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 47(4), 634-641. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2015.1094740 Wai, S. T., & Yip, T. H. (2009). Relationship among dispositional forgiveness of others, interpersonal adjustment, and psychological well-being: Implications for interpersonal theory of depression. Personality and individual differences, 46(3), 365-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.11.001 Willoughby, M. T., Blair, C. B., Wirth, R. J., & Greenberg, M. (2010). The measurement of executive function at age 3 years: Psychometric properties and criterion validity of a new battery of tasks. Psychological assessment, 22(2), 306. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018708 Yousefi, Z., Abedi, M. R., Bahrami, F., & Mehrabi, H. (2009). Validation, factor analysis structure, reliability, and standardization of the rumination inventory. Journal of Psychology, 13(1), 54-58. http://www.sid.ir/Fa/Journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=93539
Downloads
Published
Submitted
Revised
Accepted
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Quarterly of Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
