Development of a Comprehensive Parenting Program with a Rational Approach
Keywords:
Parenting, comprehensive parenting program, rational approachAbstract
Objective: The aim of the present study was to develop a comprehensive parenting program with a rational approach.
Methods and Materials: The research method was qualitative, and the participants in the model design phase included academic experts (faculty members in the fields of general psychology, educational psychology, clinical psychology, and philosophy of education in higher education institutions), organizational experts (senior managers and consultants of family counseling centers and clinics), and specialists in parenting styles. In the validation phase, the participants included faculty members in related fields and senior consultants from family counseling centers and clinics nationwide. In the qualitative phase, using the snowball sampling method, 18 experts were selected, while in the validation phase, 16 experts were chosen through purposive sampling. The data collection tools consisted of semi-structured interviews in the qualitative phase and an expert evaluation checklist in the validation phase. For data analysis, thematic analysis was employed in the qualitative phase, utilizing initial, axial, and secondary coding through Atlas software. In the validation phase, the Delphi method was applied in three rounds using SPSS software. To ensure validity and reliability in the qualitative phase, necessary assessments were conducted, including acceptability (expert review) and confirmability (expert re-examination). In the validation phase, the content of the expert evaluation checklist was reviewed by several academic and organizational experts to ensure clarity and comprehensibility, and its reliability was confirmed through the test-retest method, yielding a coefficient of 0.88.
Findings: According to the findings of the qualitative phase, the final model consisted of six main themes: (1) parental education and awareness, (2) development of communication skills, (3) enhancement of critical thinking and problem-solving, (4) emotional support and psychological security, (5) establishment of logical boundaries and rules, and (6) encouragement of autonomy and independence. The model further included 24 sub-themes and 112 criteria. The validation results confirmed the main and sub-themes identified in the qualitative phase.
Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated that rational parenting, emphasizing parental awareness, communication skills, critical thinking, emotional support, logical rules, and independence, contributes to the cognitive, emotional, and social development of children.
Downloads
References
Abedini-Mazraeh, S., Afrooz, G., Baghdasarians, A., & Tajalli, P. (2018). Marital Satisfaction and Parental Popularity in Relation to Children's Academic Achievement. Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, 61(1.6), 154-163. https://mjms.mums.ac.ir/article_13783.html?lang=en Afrooz, G. (2021). Psychological Foundations of Childbearing and the Rational Approach to Parenting. Tehran University Press. Asadi, K., Yousefi, Z., & Parsakia, K. (2024). The Role of Family in Managing Financial Stress and Economic Hardship. Journal of Psychosociological Research in Family and Culture, 2(3), 11- 19. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.jprfc.2.3.3 Asghari, M., Afrooz, G., Tajalli, P., & Ghanbari Panah, A. (2019). A Comparative Study of Marital Satisfaction among Mothers with One Child with Visual Impairment, Mothers with More than One Child with Visual Impairment, and Mothers of Typically Developing Children. Psychology of Exceptional Individuals, 9(33), 1-21. https://jpe.atu.ac.ir/article_10014.html Mamqani, J., Afrooz, G., Ghabari-Bonab, B., & Ghasemzadeh, S. (2019). Predicting Creativity in Gifted Adolescents Based on Intellectual Abilities, Parenting Styles, Spiritual Vitality, and Family Popularity. Women and Family Studies, 12(44), 85- 107. https://sanad.iau.ir/en/Journal/jwsf/Article/673388?jid=673 388&lang=fa Mihic, J., Skinner, M., Novak, M., Feric, M., & Kranželic, V. (2022). The importance of family and school protective factors in preventing the risk behaviors of youth. International Journal of Environmental Research, 19(1630), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031630 Modarresi, S., Afrooz, G., Naghshe, Z., & Gholamali-Lavasani, M. (2023). Effectiveness of a Future-Oriented Rational Parenting Education Program on the Creativity of Daughters. Educational Psychology Studies, 20(50), 130-150. https://jeps.usb.ac.ir/article_7814.html?lang=en Panahi, A.-A. (2021). Examining and Explaining the Strengths and Advantages of the Islamic Parenting Style Compared to Diana Baumrind's Parenting Style. Journal of Ethics Research, 14(52), 125-144. https://akhlagh.maaref.ac.ir/article-1-1895- en.html Porkari Kalur, L. (2020). Identifying Parenting Patterns Based on the Lived Experience of Adolescents Aged 11 to 17 in Tehran Master's Thesis, Refah Faculty, Tehran]. Ramazani, V., Abdokhodaei, M. S., Tabibi, Z., & Aghamohammadian-Shar'baf, H. (2018). Cognitive Dimensions of Parenting Among Iranian Parents: A Qualitative Study. Cognitive Psychology Quarterly, 6(3), 21- 30. https://www.magiran.com/paper/1972453/cognitivedimensions-of-parenting-styles-of-iranian-parents-aqualitative-study?lang=en Saadati, N., & Parsakia, K. (2023). The Predictive Role of Parents' Marital Relationship Quality on The Adolescents' Psychological Capital. Journal of Adolescent and Youth Psychological Studies (JAYPS), 4(8), 139-146. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.jayps.4.8.16 Sani, G. M. D., & Quaranta, M. (2015). Chips off the old blocks? The political participation patterns of parents and children in Italy. Social science research, 50, 264-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.12.002 Seydi, M., & Hosseini-Nik, S. M. (2021). A Review of Psychological Theories on Parenting Styles. Journal of Advances in Modern Psychology, Educational Sciences, and Training, 4(38), 121- 132. https://en.civilica.com/doc/1501141/ Yaffe, Y. (2021). Students' recollections of parenting styles and impostor phenomenon: The mediating role of social anxiety. Personality and individual differences, 172, 110598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110598 Zand-Karimi, G., Dehdast, K., & Karbalaei-Shalbaaf, Z. (2022). Development and Validation of an Adolescent Parenting Education Program in the Virtual Space. Counseling and Psychotherapy Culture, 13(51), 1-30. https://qccpc.atu.ac.ir/article_14235.html Zhao, X., & Yang, J. (2021). Fostering creative thinking in the family: The importance of parenting styles. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 41, 100920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2021.100920
Downloads
Published
Submitted
Revised
Accepted
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Quarterly of Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
